Analysis of Excessive Self-Defense (Noodweerexces) in the Crime of Persecution
Keywords:
Self-defense, Going beyond Boundaries, Forced
Abstract
This study aims to examine and analyze the justification for excessive self-defense (noodweerexces) under the Criminal Code and to analyze court decisions granting release from all charges (ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging) in cases of persecution resulting from excessive self-defense. This research is classified as normative legal research, encompassing studies on legal principles, legal systematics, legal synchronization, legal history, and legal comparisons. The results of this study indicate that self-defense in persecution cases can be accepted as a justification that eliminates the perpetrator’s criminal liability. The removal of criminal liability in such cases serves as a form of legal protection against an immediate threat to the perpetrator’s honor and safety and recognizes the legitimacy of actions taken in response to imminent threats. It is suggested that although persecution may be committed as an act of self-defense, every act of self-defense must involve an immediate threat faced by the perpetrator, and the threat must endanger the perpetrator’s honor or safety. Furthermore, judges must consider the circumstances of both the perpetrator and the victim, ensuring that decisions to release the perpetrator from prosecution are rational and proportional, serving as legitimate justification for the elimination of criminal liability.
References
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Admaja Priyatno, 2004, Legislation Policy on the Criminal Liability System of Corporations in Indonesia, CV. Utomo, Bandung.
Ahmad Rifa'i, 2010, Legal Discovery by Judges in the Perspective of Progressive Law, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Alfitra, 2018, The Abolition of the Right to Prosecute and Carry Out Crimes, Achieve Asa Sukses (Penebar Swadaya Group), Jakarta.
Amrani, H., & Ali, M. 2015, Criminal Accountability System. First print. Rajawali Press, Jakarta.
Andi Hamzah, 2009, Certain Delicacies in the Criminal Code, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
, 2014, Principles of Criminal Law, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
Bagir Manan, 2012, Cross-Disciplinary Legal Research Methods, Judicial Varia Year XXVII Number 315, IKAHI, Jakarta.
Cholid Narbuko and Abu Achmadi, 2021, Research Methodology, PT. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.
Fuad Usfa and Tongat, 2014, Introduction to Criminal Law, Publisher of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang.
Gorys Keraf, 2004, Composition–An Introduction to Language Proficiency, Nusa Indah Publishers, Flores.
Hamdan, 2012, The Reason for Criminal Expungement: Theory and Case Study, Refika Aditama, Bandung.
Huda, C., 2011, From criminal acts without fault to no criminal responsibility without fault. 2nd printing, Kencana, Jakarta.
Irfan, N., 2022, Islamic Criminal Law, Amzah Publishers, Jakarta.
Irmawaty et al., 2022, Guidebook for Thesis Writing for the Postgraduate Master of Law Study Program, University of Muhammadiyah Palu, Palu, Central Sulawesi.
Ismu Gunadi and Jonaedi Efendi, 2014, Fast & Easy to Understand Criminal Law, Kencana Prenada media Group, Jakarta, p. 39-40.
Kanter and Sianturi, 2012, Principles of Criminal Law in Indonesia and Its Application, Storia Grafika, Jakarta.
Leden Marpaung, 2017, Principles, Theory, Practice, Criminal Law, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Moeljatna, 2021, Principles of Criminal Law, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
Muladi, Crime and Criminality, in Muladi and Barda Nawawi Arief, 2013, Criminal Theories and Policies, Alumni, Bandung.
R. Abdoel Djamali, 2010, Introduction to Indonesian Law Revised Edition, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, p.175
Roeslan Saleh, 2002, Thoughts on Criminal Accountability, Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta.
Oemar Seno Adji, 1991, Professional Ethics and the Law of Criminal Liability of Doctors, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta.
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, 2017, Legal Research, Kencana Predana Media Group, Jakarta.
Philipus M. Hadjon, Titiek Sri Djatmiati, 2017, Legal Argumentation, Gadjah Mada University Pres, Yogyakarta.
P.A.F Lamintang, 2017, Indonesian Prison Law, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
, 2012, Crimes Against Life, Body, and Health, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Roeslan Saleh, 2002, Thoughts on Criminal Accountability, Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta.
R. Soesilo, 2017, Criminal Code (KUHP) and its Comments Complete Article by Article.
R. Sugandhi, 2013, Criminal Code and its Explanation, National Business, Surabaya.
Satochit Kartanegara, 2001, Criminal Law, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.
Soerjono Soekanto, 2012, Introduction to Legal Research, University of Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Sofyan, A. M., SH, M., & Nur Azisa, S. H., 2023, Indonesian Criminal Law, Prenada Media, Jakarta.
Sudaryono, Natangsa Surbakti, 2017, Criminal Law Fundamentals of Criminal Law Based on the Criminal Code and the Criminal Code Bill, Publisher Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta.
Teguh Prasetyo, 2016, Criminal Law, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, p. 61.
Wirjono Projodikoro, 2016, Principles of Criminal Law in Indonesia, Refika Utama, Bandung.
Wiyanto, R., 2012, Principles of Indonesian Criminal Law, Mandar Maju, Jakarta.
Yulies Tiene Masriani, 2014, Introduction to Indonesian Law, Sin
Journals
Bastianto Nugroho, The Role of Evidence in Criminal Cases in Judges' Decisions According to the Criminal Procedure Code, Juridika, Vol.32 No.1, 2017.
Bimo Adhi Nugroho, Submission of the Public Prosecutor's Cassation on the Grounds of Imprecision of the Judge's Assessment of Legal Facts in the Trial of the Case of Embezzlement in Office (Study of Supreme Court Decision No: 413 K/Pid./2013), Verstek Journal, Vol.5 No. 3, 2017.
Edi Rosadi, Judge's Decision with Justice, Badamai Law Journal, Vol.1 No.1, 2016.
Endang Pratiwi et al., "Jeremy Bentham's Theory of Utilitarianism: Legal Purposes or Methods of Testing Legal Products", Constitutional Journal, Vol.19 No. 2 (June, 2022), 275
Kermite, D. P., 2021, "A Study of Forced Defense (Noodweer) in Moral Crimes Based on Article 49 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code." Lex Privatum, 9(4), pp. 139-146.
Hasmiah Hamid, Legal Protection of Victims of Persecution in Criminal Acts in Indonesia, Jurnal Ecosystem, Vol.16 No.2, 2016.
Josef M Monteiro, Judges' Decisions in Law Enforcement in Indonesia, Journal of Pro Justitia Law, Vol. 25 No.2, 2007.
Kusuma, N. P. K. N., Dewi, A. A. S. L., & Widyantara, I. M. M. (2023). "Forced defense (noodweer) as a repeal of the crime of persecution that causes death (Study of Criminal Case Decision Number 115/PID. B/2021/PN Stb)." Journal of Legal Analogy, 5(1), pp. 21-27.
Refin, F. R., & Azizi, S. D. N. (2023). "The legal basis of the defence is forced (Noodweer) and the defence is forced to go beyond the limit (Noodweer exces)." Journal of Fundamental Justice, pp. 141-156.
Rendy Marselino, Forced Defense that Exceeds the Limit (Noodweer Exces) in Article 49 Paragraph (2), Juris-Diction, Vol.1 No.3, 2020.
Risan Izaak, The Application of Criminal Expungement Reasons and Its Legal Considerations (Case Study of Supreme Court Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 103.K/Pid/2012, and Supreme Court Decision of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1850.K/Pid/2006), Journal: Lex Crimen, Volume 5, Number 6, August 2016, p. 132
Rudy Regah, the Abolition of the Right to Carry Out Punishment Because the Defendant Died According to Article 83 of the Criminal Code, Journal: Lex Privatum Volume VI, Number 4, June 2018, p. 149.
Samudra, I., & Wahyudi, F. (2023). "Criminal law's view of forced defense that goes beyond the bounds (noodweer exces)." Wasatiyah: Journal of Law, 4(2), pp. 1-18.
Sanjaya, I. G. W. M., Sugiartha, I. N. G., & Widyantara, I. M. M. (2022). "The defense was forced to go beyond the limit (noodweer exces) in the crime of begal murder as an effort to protect themselves." Journal of Legal Construction, 3(2), pp. 406- 413
Suci Rahmalia, Ariusni, Mike Triani, "The Influence of Education, Unemployment, and Poverty on Crime in Indonesia", Journal of Economic and Development Studies, Vol.1 No.1, 2019.
Suryantoro, D. D. (2019). "Juridical review of Noodweer as a legitimate defense effort." Jurisprudence: Journal of the Faculty of Law, University of Islam Malang, 2(2), pp. 154-163.
Abdul Kadir Muhammad, 2004, Law and Legal Research, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung.
Admaja Priyatno, 2004, Legislation Policy on the Criminal Liability System of Corporations in Indonesia, CV. Utomo, Bandung.
Ahmad Rifa'i, 2010, Legal Discovery by Judges in the Perspective of Progressive Law, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Alfitra, 2018, The Abolition of the Right to Prosecute and Carry Out Crimes, Achieve Asa Sukses (Penebar Swadaya Group), Jakarta.
Amrani, H., & Ali, M. 2015, Criminal Accountability System. First print. Rajawali Press, Jakarta.
Andi Hamzah, 2009, Certain Delicacies in the Criminal Code, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
, 2014, Principles of Criminal Law, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
Bagir Manan, 2012, Cross-Disciplinary Legal Research Methods, Judicial Varia Year XXVII Number 315, IKAHI, Jakarta.
Cholid Narbuko and Abu Achmadi, 2021, Research Methodology, PT. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.
Fuad Usfa and Tongat, 2014, Introduction to Criminal Law, Publisher of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang.
Gorys Keraf, 2004, Composition–An Introduction to Language Proficiency, Nusa Indah Publishers, Flores.
Hamdan, 2012, The Reason for Criminal Expungement: Theory and Case Study, Refika Aditama, Bandung.
Huda, C., 2011, From criminal acts without fault to no criminal responsibility without fault. 2nd printing, Kencana, Jakarta.
Irfan, N., 2022, Islamic Criminal Law, Amzah Publishers, Jakarta.
Irmawaty et al., 2022, Guidebook for Thesis Writing for the Postgraduate Master of Law Study Program, University of Muhammadiyah Palu, Palu, Central Sulawesi.
Ismu Gunadi and Jonaedi Efendi, 2014, Fast & Easy to Understand Criminal Law, Kencana Prenada media Group, Jakarta, p. 39-40.
Kanter and Sianturi, 2012, Principles of Criminal Law in Indonesia and Its Application, Storia Grafika, Jakarta.
Leden Marpaung, 2017, Principles, Theory, Practice, Criminal Law, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Moeljatna, 2021, Principles of Criminal Law, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
Muladi, Crime and Criminality, in Muladi and Barda Nawawi Arief, 2013, Criminal Theories and Policies, Alumni, Bandung.
R. Abdoel Djamali, 2010, Introduction to Indonesian Law Revised Edition, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, p.175
Roeslan Saleh, 2002, Thoughts on Criminal Accountability, Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta.
Oemar Seno Adji, 1991, Professional Ethics and the Law of Criminal Liability of Doctors, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta.
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, 2017, Legal Research, Kencana Predana Media Group, Jakarta.
Philipus M. Hadjon, Titiek Sri Djatmiati, 2017, Legal Argumentation, Gadjah Mada University Pres, Yogyakarta.
P.A.F Lamintang, 2017, Indonesian Prison Law, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
, 2012, Crimes Against Life, Body, and Health, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Roeslan Saleh, 2002, Thoughts on Criminal Accountability, Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta.
R. Soesilo, 2017, Criminal Code (KUHP) and its Comments Complete Article by Article.
R. Sugandhi, 2013, Criminal Code and its Explanation, National Business, Surabaya.
Satochit Kartanegara, 2001, Criminal Law, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.
Soerjono Soekanto, 2012, Introduction to Legal Research, University of Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Sofyan, A. M., SH, M., & Nur Azisa, S. H., 2023, Indonesian Criminal Law, Prenada Media, Jakarta.
Sudaryono, Natangsa Surbakti, 2017, Criminal Law Fundamentals of Criminal Law Based on the Criminal Code and the Criminal Code Bill, Publisher Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta.
Teguh Prasetyo, 2016, Criminal Law, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, p. 61.
Wirjono Projodikoro, 2016, Principles of Criminal Law in Indonesia, Refika Utama, Bandung.
Wiyanto, R., 2012, Principles of Indonesian Criminal Law, Mandar Maju, Jakarta.
Yulies Tiene Masriani, 2014, Introduction to Indonesian Law, Sin
Journals
Bastianto Nugroho, The Role of Evidence in Criminal Cases in Judges' Decisions According to the Criminal Procedure Code, Juridika, Vol.32 No.1, 2017.
Bimo Adhi Nugroho, Submission of the Public Prosecutor's Cassation on the Grounds of Imprecision of the Judge's Assessment of Legal Facts in the Trial of the Case of Embezzlement in Office (Study of Supreme Court Decision No: 413 K/Pid./2013), Verstek Journal, Vol.5 No. 3, 2017.
Edi Rosadi, Judge's Decision with Justice, Badamai Law Journal, Vol.1 No.1, 2016.
Endang Pratiwi et al., "Jeremy Bentham's Theory of Utilitarianism: Legal Purposes or Methods of Testing Legal Products", Constitutional Journal, Vol.19 No. 2 (June, 2022), 275
Kermite, D. P., 2021, "A Study of Forced Defense (Noodweer) in Moral Crimes Based on Article 49 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code." Lex Privatum, 9(4), pp. 139-146.
Hasmiah Hamid, Legal Protection of Victims of Persecution in Criminal Acts in Indonesia, Jurnal Ecosystem, Vol.16 No.2, 2016.
Josef M Monteiro, Judges' Decisions in Law Enforcement in Indonesia, Journal of Pro Justitia Law, Vol. 25 No.2, 2007.
Kusuma, N. P. K. N., Dewi, A. A. S. L., & Widyantara, I. M. M. (2023). "Forced defense (noodweer) as a repeal of the crime of persecution that causes death (Study of Criminal Case Decision Number 115/PID. B/2021/PN Stb)." Journal of Legal Analogy, 5(1), pp. 21-27.
Refin, F. R., & Azizi, S. D. N. (2023). "The legal basis of the defence is forced (Noodweer) and the defence is forced to go beyond the limit (Noodweer exces)." Journal of Fundamental Justice, pp. 141-156.
Rendy Marselino, Forced Defense that Exceeds the Limit (Noodweer Exces) in Article 49 Paragraph (2), Juris-Diction, Vol.1 No.3, 2020.
Risan Izaak, The Application of Criminal Expungement Reasons and Its Legal Considerations (Case Study of Supreme Court Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 103.K/Pid/2012, and Supreme Court Decision of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1850.K/Pid/2006), Journal: Lex Crimen, Volume 5, Number 6, August 2016, p. 132
Rudy Regah, the Abolition of the Right to Carry Out Punishment Because the Defendant Died According to Article 83 of the Criminal Code, Journal: Lex Privatum Volume VI, Number 4, June 2018, p. 149.
Samudra, I., & Wahyudi, F. (2023). "Criminal law's view of forced defense that goes beyond the bounds (noodweer exces)." Wasatiyah: Journal of Law, 4(2), pp. 1-18.
Sanjaya, I. G. W. M., Sugiartha, I. N. G., & Widyantara, I. M. M. (2022). "The defense was forced to go beyond the limit (noodweer exces) in the crime of begal murder as an effort to protect themselves." Journal of Legal Construction, 3(2), pp. 406- 413
Suci Rahmalia, Ariusni, Mike Triani, "The Influence of Education, Unemployment, and Poverty on Crime in Indonesia", Journal of Economic and Development Studies, Vol.1 No.1, 2019.
Suryantoro, D. D. (2019). "Juridical review of Noodweer as a legitimate defense effort." Jurisprudence: Journal of the Faculty of Law, University of Islam Malang, 2(2), pp. 154-163.
Published
2025-03-25
How to Cite
Ines Adania Yusuf. (2025). Analysis of Excessive Self-Defense (Noodweerexces) in the Crime of Persecution . Indonesian Research Journal in Legal Studies, 4(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.31934/irjils.v4i1.8620
Section
Articles
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